For abbreviations of legal journal titles, see also the list of legal journals indexed by the Encyclopedia of Law (which may contain several articles related to pension repatriation decisions) (choose the letter with which the title of the legal journal begins). See Index of legal abbreviations used in Australia Translation: Your private diaries may contain evidence in the case, and opposing parties have the legal right to copy and review it when submitting a request for submission of documents. Today`s #LEGAL term is: #Discovery Have you heard this term on a TV show? t.co/oklfYHj5th . #lawyer#TheMoreYouKnowpic.twitter.com/9S5RpcHrca The definition of « discovery » in law is the exchange of legal information and facts known to a case. Think of discovery as obtaining and disclosing the evidence and position of each party to a case so that all parties involved can decide what their best options are – going to court or negotiating an early resolution. RESPONSE: When a complaint is submitted to a defendant in litigation, the « response » is the written response that relates to each allegation and admits or denies the errors. Parties to a case must participate in the investigation process, which means that they must hand over information and evidence about a claim so that all parties involved can know what awaits them in the trial. WRITTEN DISCOVERY Under the umbrella of « written discovery, » we find, « We are in discovery right now, I hope we get what we need with this statement. » RPBA – CPPR – CPSR – CVPP – RPCX – RPDA – DPRD – RPDE – LDPR – PDP Translation: The investigative process is ongoing and we try to get all the evidence we need when we sit in person and question the defendant under oath. For these reasons, it is very rare during a trial for a lawyer to present surprising evidence, as many television characters seem to do with regularity. There is no answer to this question like « MISCELLANEOUS, SPORTS, GOVERNMENT » all categories for anything that does not fit into another category. It can represent anything from « leftover » items to hard-to-classify items.

Testing can be time-consuming, wasteful of energy and money. Discovery encourages the parties to choose a settlement and end the dispute before trial or before the end of the process. Like showing your cards to your opponent in a poker game, discovery reveals the strengths and weaknesses of each game`s hands. Now that they know the evidence, either party can continue the process or fold their hands depending on what has been revealed. DISCOVERABLE: This is potential evidence – notes, diaries, photos, videos, etc. – these « findable » elements must be made available to the opposing parties in the dispute. « They have to pass this log during the discovery if they emit RPD. » A testimony is an opportunity for a lawyer to ask for whatever is necessary to gather, clarify and « discover » evidence and facts. Knowing the facts, the parties can then decide what to do with the claim.

Some stone locks have been designed. The spiral grooves of the rifle make the rifles more accurate and give a greater effective range – but with a muzzle-loading weapon, they take longer to load due to the well-fitting bullet, and after repeated firing, the black powder tended to pollute the barrels. Military musketeers could not afford to take the time to clean their errands between shots, and the greater accuracy of the rifle was useless if the tactic was based on mass volleys. Most stone military locks were therefore smooth-core locks. Rifle-plated stone locks were used militarily by snipers, skirmishes and other support units; But most of the stone locks drawn were used for hunting. Stone locks were prone to many problems compared to modern weapons. Failures were frequent. The flint had to be properly maintained because a piece of blunt flint or badly nodded the head would not make as many sparks and would greatly increase the rate of duds. Moisture was an issue as moisture on frizz or wet powder prevented the weapon from firing.

This meant that stone castle weapons could not be used in rainy or wet weather. Some armies have tried to remedy this by having a leather cover on the locking mechanism, but this has had limited success. [11] Accidental shooting was also a problem for stone locks. A burning ember that remained in the barrel could ignite the next powder charge when loaded. This can be avoided by waiting between shots until the remains are completely burned. If you use the Ramrod to run a lubricated cleaning dressing through the barrel, it will also extinguish the embers and also remove some of the dirt from the barrel. However, soldiers on the battlefield could not take these precautions. They had to fire as quickly as possible and often fired three to four shots per minute. Loading and shooting at such a rate greatly increased the risk of accidental discharge. When a stone lock is pulled, it sprays a shower of sparks from the mouth forward and another laterally from the lightning hole. One of the reasons for firing salvos was to make sure that one man`s sparks weren`t igniting the next man`s powder when he was at the store. 2.

A handgun with a stone lock; In particular the old-fashioned musket of European armies and others. The Jezail was another example of a longstone castle rifle, but its use in Afghanistan, India, Central Asia, and parts of the Middle East was primarily a military weapon, so it tended to fire larger, heavier ammunition. Most stone locks were made at a time before modern manufacturing processes became commonplace. Even in mass weapons, the pieces were often handmade. If a stone lock was damaged or parts were worn due to age, the damaged parts could not be easily replaced. Parts often had to be filed, hammered or modified to fit, making repairs much more difficult. The machine-made interchangeable parts were only used just before the stone locks were replaced with locks. The French courtier Marin le Bourgeoys, shortly after his accession to the throne in 1610, made the first firearm with a real stone locking mechanism for King Louis XIII. [12] The development of firearm locking mechanisms over the previous two centuries had been from match locks to wheel locks to snap-on closures, snap-on closures, snap-on closures and miquelet, and each type had been an improvement and had brought certain design features, that were useful. The Bourgeoys combined these different features to create the stone locking mechanism. The new system quickly became popular and was known and used in various forms throughout Europe until 1630.

In particular, dragoons that served in the parliamentary army during the English Civil War were known to use Schnaphaunce muskets or early forms of stone locks. Examples of ancient stone castle arms can be seen in Rubens` painting « Marie de` Medici as Bellona » (painted circa 1622-25). Military castle stone muskets tended to weigh about ten pounds because heavier weapons proved too bulky and lighter weapons were not sturdy or heavy enough to be used in hand-to-hand combat.

MassLegalHelp`s COVID-19 zone provides comprehensive information about your legal rights in areas such as housing, benefits, discrimination, healthcare, and more. The mission of Veterans Legal Services is to promote the independence, stability and financial security of homeless and low-income Veterans through free and accessible legal services. The MBA`s Lawyer Referral Service (LRS), one of the largest legal recommendation services in the country, makes it easy for you to find the right lawyer to answer your questions and help you resolve your legal problems. Connect with an LRS lawyer today. The use of the LRS is free, but referrals are made to fee-based lawyers who cannot charge you more than $25 for the first half hour of consultation. Click here for a reference available online 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and limited hours by phone. MLAC funds organizations that help people solve civil (not criminal) legal problems. If you need help with a criminal matter, contact the Public Legal Services Committee at 617-482-6212. Provides free legal advice to asylum seekers and promotes the rights of detained immigrants. If you are not eligible for the HPRC, another legal aid program may be able to help you. These websites help you protect your rights in a variety of civil law matters.

And you might be able to get free legal help. Find a Covid Eviction Legal Help Program that serves your Massachusetts zip code For more financial or social assistance, visit the CPCS website, which has a list of social service resources, including links to financial assistance funds. You can also consult this list of self-help networks. This completely free interview is for Massachusetts tenants who are being evicted. It is estimated that it takes between 25 and 90 minutes before a typical tenant can use it alone. This will help you make sure that you respond correctly to your landlord`s eviction case. It can send you reminders of important appointments via SMS and email. It includes videos and educational links. By choosing to use this system, you agree to our Terms of Use.

★ Are you worried about eviction? ★ Are you having trouble paying your bills or debts? ★ Need help getting unemployment, SNAP or other government benefits? ★ Wondering if it`s safe to return to work? ★ Are you worried about your personal safety? Legal Answers Online is a free service for low-income Massachusetts residents who can`t afford an attorney. Go to www.masslao.org for free legal advice on volunteer non-criminal law programs. Provides free legal advice to victims of sexual assault on legal issues related to privacy, security, housing, education, employment, immigration, LGBTQ issues, criminal justice and financial stability. The Massachusetts Bar Association sponsors a monthly Dial-A-Lawyer program and encourages the public to call our helpline for free legal advice. To use Dial-A-Lawyer, call (617) 338-0610 or (877) 686-0711 on the first Wednesday of the month between 5:30 pm and 7:30 pm. There is no limit to the number of calls you can make or how often you call throughout the year. You don`t have to leave your home unless a judge orders you to. See COVID-19 and Housing and Evictions.

Where can I get help paying my rent? These sites are a collaboration of the Massachusetts civil legal aid community and are funded by MLAC. MassLegalHelp is served by lawyers at the Massachusetts Law Reform Institute; Mass Legal Answers Online is administered by MLRI with assistance from the Boston Bar Association`s Volunteer Lawyers Project and is part of the American Bar Association`s national Free Legal Answers project. Volunteer lawyers, paralegals and law students, led by staff lawyers, strive to give residents of the Greater Boston Area equal access to representation. A lawyer can help you before a case goes to court and when your case goes to court. The sooner you contact a lawyer, the better. Massachusetts legal aid programs continue to assist their clients during the COVID-19 emergency. But offices may not be open to the public. If you need help, call or contact your local legal aid program online. Use the Mass Legal Resource Finder to find free or low-cost help from legal aid agencies that serve your city or community. Is deportation imminent? We can help Mass. Department of Housing and Community Development resources for tenants, landlords and landlords. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts has resources for individuals and families struggling to make rent or mortgage payments due to COVID-19, including the Eviction Diversion Initiative.

See also: Emergency Housing Assistance During the COVID-19 Pandemic. This section focuses on legal issues related to COVID-19 that are of particular concern to low-income people in Massachusetts. For more information and assistance, please contact the legal aid organizations listed below. For more information about these MLAC-funded legal aid organizations, as well as other nonprofits, government agencies, and court programs that might be able to help you with your legal problem, visit the Legal Resource Finder. MLAC does not provide legal advice or representation. If you need help with a legal problem in Massachusetts, there are several ways to find it. Below you will find information on: You may be eligible for civil legal aid if your annual income is equal to or less than 125% of the federal poverty line. In Massachusetts, that`s currently $34,688 a year for a family of four. There are different criteria for seniors and victims of crime. In addition to regional legal aid organizations, MLAC funds legal aid organizations that specialize in a particular topic or type of law, including education, immigration, prisoners` rights, disability, consumer law, etc.

Get help with problems that need to be fixed with your home. Send a letter to your landlord, call an inspector or get help from a judge. The Volunteer Lawyers project can help owners of 2 or 3 family homes if: If your income is low enough, volunteer tax assistance agencies (VIA) can help you file your tax return. Harassment by debt collectors is prohibited, but they can legally try to collect what you owe. See Invoices and debts. Massachusetts Legal Answers Online is a free service that allows you to ask a question to a pro bono lawyer on the Internet. This is a good option if you have one or two legal questions. Massachusetts Legal Resource Finder provides recommendations for free, low-cost programs in legal aid organizations, nonprofits, courts, and self-help documents.

Mushwaalakbar v. Commonwealth, 487 Mass. 627 (2021) Returning to Commonwealth v. Lougee, the SJC acknowledges that, given the lingering effects of COVID-19, « some defendants are entitled to hearings on applications for review of section 58A orders to determine whether the length of detention violates due process. » Mass.gov COVID-19 Vaccination ProgramView the latest updates on the COVID-19 vaccine in Massachusetts, including immunization schedule, FAQs, and vaccine approval documents. See also COVID-19 booster FAQ. Contact the Volunteer Lawyers Project online, call them at 857-320-6452 or email [email protected]. Mass. Department of Housing and Community Development, Emergency Housing Assistance: (866) 584-0653 Southeastern part of the state: Bristol County and south coast to Cape Cod and the Islands. Companies cannot charge excessive prices for regular products and essential items such as masks, hand sanitizers, and gloves.

See Avoiding fraud. Mayor`s Health Line: (617) 534-5050, 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo, 592 U.S. ____ (2021)The Supreme Court has granted requests by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn and two Orthodox Jewish synagogues to block the enforcement of a New York City injunction restricting visits to places of worship. The COVID-19 Surveillance Dashboard (University of Virginia) advocates for children, students, and youth who face significant barriers due to economic status, disability, race, ethnicity/culture, immigration status, language, and/or traumatic life experiences. COVID-19 Economic Relief Bill, signed into law on December 27, 2020, provides life-saving assistance to Americans while ensuring federal agencies operate through September 2021. Includes amendments and extensions to the Families First Coronavirus Response Act and the Cares Act.

Commonwealth v. Nash and Commonwealth v. Elibert, 486 Mass. 394 (2020)Recently, in Christie v. Commonwealth, 484 Mass. 397, 401-402, « We (SJC) felt that the pandemic was a factor for judges to consider when deciding on suspension (sentencing) motions. In the cases before us, we provide further guidance on how this factor should be taken into account in practical terms. Vasquez Diaz v. Commonwealth, 487 Mass. 336 (2021) The SJC found that a virtual hearing is not in itself a violation of the respondent`s constitutional rights in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. Commits to upholding and expanding the rights of persons with disabilities and others in isolated environments.

If you are already in court, ask the staff or judge how you can talk to a lawyer. Proof of COVID-related long-term disability claims, by Linda L. Landry, MCLE, 2021 Frequently Asked Questions about COVID-19 Mass.govA resource that highlights some of the most frequently asked questions about COVID-19 in Massachusetts, including information about: the disease itself, testing, quarantine, mandatory masks, reopening, gathering restrictions, travel recommendations, and health resources. If your landlord sends you a notice, you don`t have to move! Information on the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak Massachusetts Department of Public Health The Commonwealth`s main COVID-19 information page.

Although the terms `in the recital`, `decretal` or `recital` may sometimes be used to interpret the intended meaning of an agreement, they may not be used to contradict those other terms or to create an obligation if none is ever clearly indicated. 2. Keep in mind that the wording of « recital clauses » is not universally binding. No matter what someone tells you, the wording of « clauses while » or similar introductory paragraphs is not binding. Do not accept words in such clauses as proof that you have received what you have negotiated. This is simply not the case. While a court can look at the words in the « recitals » and perhaps even take the position that the words have meaning, who should go to court first? Placing wording in the « whereas » to deceive non-lawyers into believing they received a promise when they did not is a common legal trick. And now that you know, don`t fall victim to it. « Glossip » literally means « given the fact that » and seems to be how so many lawyers think it`s best to start a contract. The `recitals`, even if they do not use the term `in the recital`, are generally regarded as an introduction or preamble to a contract and not as part of the operational provisions of the contract. Yes, While clauses are important, and the point I`m trying to convey in this post is this: In this regard, while clauses are one of the places a judge or arbitrator can look for to better understand the true relationship of the parties and their intentions in that contractual commitment.

In the event that a dispute arises between the parties in circumstances not expressly addressed in the text of the contract, the rules of interpretation of the Israeli legal system send us to seek the intention of the parties to fill the void. As they are declarative in nature, most parties will not pay much attention to the while clauses and will instead focus on the following operational provisions. In my experience, these often unattractive statements may be much more important than initially thought, as their presence or absence may influence legal and commercial interpretations of the assignment. Court orders usually use clauses before the clause or clauses containing court instructions. For example, a court could state that « although the applicant has filed a motion to compel the production of certain documents, and in view of the fact that the court has held a hearing on the application and has fully deliberated on the matter, it is now hereby ordered that the application to compel the production of the requested documents be hereby dismissed. » So feel free to ignore the « where » and « now, therefore, » but the following words can help you understand why this contract exists in the first place. When we looked at Mario`s « legal documents, » we were surprised: although they made a vague hint that Mario had become the owner, they nowhere did they say that Sheldon had given him half of a stake in the company. I read the newspapers over and over again, but I couldn`t find language that compelled Sheldon to give Mario shares in the company. These four reflections on the terms « whereas clauses », « decreed » and « whereas » in agreements can avoid much grief. Think of them and refuse to be deceived by lawyers who can tell you otherwise. Do everything you can to help yourself and be an « educated consumer » when it comes to lawyers and legal services. You can do it for yourself, yourself and represents great value without risk.

And don`t be afraid or hesitate to seek paid legal advice if necessary. Protecting yourself, through education and effort: that`s what Sklover Working Wisdom™ is all about. Don`t overlook while clauses – make sure they contain enough information to communicate the overview of the contract, but at the same time, make sure you don`t make statements that seem reasonable at this time, but could be harmful later. Each contract begins with clauses while, these introductory statements that mean « take this into account » or « it is » and create the conditions for the overall text of the agreement between the parties. These clauses are intended to provide context for the contractual obligation. The term has been criticized as an overused legal formalism that overloads contracts and other legal documents. Legal formalism means the particular uses of legal language, many of which are archaic and the frills of a long-dead style. « Pursuant to » clauses have declarative and commercial value as well as legal effects for the parties in the event of a subsequent dispute. It is therefore important to take due account of this in advance in order to avoid unnecessary obstacles later. The result: Mario hired another law firm and continued a very unpleasant process in which Mario didn`t really have good arguments. Although it was eventually settled, legal fees made the settlement even more undone. Mario never recovered from being betrayed by the legal language of his agreements, financial or otherwise.

When placed at the beginning of a bill, it means « because » and is followed by a declaration for the passage of a law. Finally, it is often used in official proclamations to project the solemnity of the occasion. In law, the term while is also used as an introductory word to a recital in a formal document. A recital contains introductory words to a treaty, law, proclamation or other document. In a contract, a time clause is an introductory statement that means « consider » or « it is ». The clause explains the reasons for the performance of the contract and, in some cases, describes its purpose. The while clause can be correctly used in the interpretation of the contract. However, this is not an essential element of its operational arrangements. Court orders usually use clauses before the clause or clauses containing court instructions. For example, a court could state that « although the applicant has filed a motion to compel the production of certain documents, and in view of the fact that the court has held a hearing on the application and has fully deliberated on the matter, it is now hereby ordered that the application to compel the production of the requested documents be hereby dismissed. » When placed at the beginning of a bill, it means « because » and is followed by a declaration for the passage of a law. Finally, it is often used in official proclamations to project the solemnity of the occasion.

The term has been criticized as an overused legal formalism that overloads contracts and other legal documents. Legal formalism means the particular uses of legal language, many of which are archaic and the frills of a long-dead style. In addition to the legal implications that the Although the clauses may have in the event of a dispute, contracting parties must also consider how the contract is perceived by third parties, such as investors reviewing the incorporation agreement as part of the due diligence of a start-up. DURING. This term implies a recital and cannot, in general, be used to establish directly and positively a fact in a statement or plea. Facts which are directly denied by the wording of the general question or which can be examined, inter alia, by the usual use of pleadings must be positively and directly avoided; Facts, however substantial, which are not directly denied by the wording of the general question, although they may be challenged under that question and which cannot be the subject of a particular search after the use of the written pleadings, may be relied on in the pleading by consideration for a certain period of time. Gould, Pl. v. 43, § 42; Ferry. From. Memoirs, &c., B.

5, 4; 2 puppy. Pl. 151, 178, 191; Gould, Pl. v. 3, § 47. The question therefore arises: are clauses then necessary? Should we pay more attention to these clauses? The term while is used in the law in two ways.