For abbreviations of legal journal titles, see also the list of legal journals indexed by the Encyclopedia of Law (which may contain several articles related to pension repatriation decisions) (choose the letter with which the title of the legal journal begins). See Index of legal abbreviations used in Australia Translation: Your private diaries may contain evidence in the case, and opposing parties have the legal right to copy and review it when submitting a request for submission of documents. Today`s #LEGAL term is: #Discovery Have you heard this term on a TV show? t.co/oklfYHj5th . #lawyer#TheMoreYouKnowpic.twitter.com/9S5RpcHrca The definition of « discovery » in law is the exchange of legal information and facts known to a case. Think of discovery as obtaining and disclosing the evidence and position of each party to a case so that all parties involved can decide what their best options are – going to court or negotiating an early resolution. RESPONSE: When a complaint is submitted to a defendant in litigation, the « response » is the written response that relates to each allegation and admits or denies the errors. Parties to a case must participate in the investigation process, which means that they must hand over information and evidence about a claim so that all parties involved can know what awaits them in the trial. WRITTEN DISCOVERY Under the umbrella of « written discovery, » we find, « We are in discovery right now, I hope we get what we need with this statement. » RPBA – CPPR – CPSR – CVPP – RPCX – RPDA – DPRD – RPDE – LDPR – PDP Translation: The investigative process is ongoing and we try to get all the evidence we need when we sit in person and question the defendant under oath. For these reasons, it is very rare during a trial for a lawyer to present surprising evidence, as many television characters seem to do with regularity. There is no answer to this question like « MISCELLANEOUS, SPORTS, GOVERNMENT » all categories for anything that does not fit into another category. It can represent anything from « leftover » items to hard-to-classify items.

Testing can be time-consuming, wasteful of energy and money. Discovery encourages the parties to choose a settlement and end the dispute before trial or before the end of the process. Like showing your cards to your opponent in a poker game, discovery reveals the strengths and weaknesses of each game`s hands. Now that they know the evidence, either party can continue the process or fold their hands depending on what has been revealed. DISCOVERABLE: This is potential evidence – notes, diaries, photos, videos, etc. – these « findable » elements must be made available to the opposing parties in the dispute. « They have to pass this log during the discovery if they emit RPD. » A testimony is an opportunity for a lawyer to ask for whatever is necessary to gather, clarify and « discover » evidence and facts. Knowing the facts, the parties can then decide what to do with the claim.

Many employees and employers in Pennsylvania question whether an employee is entitled to payment for accrued but unused vacation upon termination. If an employer grants leave with pay, the employer must pay the employee the accumulated but unused leave at the end of the employment relationship only if the employer`s policy provides for such payment. In the absence of such a policy, an employer in Pennsylvania is not required to reimburse the employee for unused vacation upon termination. While not strictly required by Pennsylvania law, it is recommended that the employer`s vacation policy explicitly state that no such payment will be made after termination of employment, unless an employer has accumulated unused vacation at the end of employment, does not wish to pay. The number of employees does not affect overtime pay. However, this may affect the minimum wage rate. Click here for detailed information on Pennsylvania`s new minimum wage requirements. At some point in your life, you may become ill or disabled. This may require you to take time off work to recover. The law protects your employer from discrimination against you if you become disabled. After Ms.

Allen returned to work after her third FMLA leave, her company wrote to her three times. These attributions were for: Not by law. This depends on your employer`s policy regarding the payment of vacation pay. For example, if your employer has a vacation payment policy and you are required to work on a statutory holiday, you will receive direct time for the hours you worked, and then payment in accordance with the employer`s leave policy. You could have time for eight hours of work and just time for eight hours of vacation pay. You are not entitled to overtime pay just because you are on vacation. You will achieve this after telling your employer that you need time off because of your health or that of your loved one. The Pennsylvania Pregnancy Guidelines state that all employer policies regarding job performance and job security must be applied to women with disabilities as a pregnancy under the same conditions as other disabilities. The guidelines do not prohibit an employer from granting additional child-rearing leave, but it must be granted equally to male and female employees. Pennsylvania law does not require private employers to provide paid or unpaid leave to their employees. In Pennsylvania, a private employer may require an employee to take vacation.

A private employer does not have to pay a premium to an employee for working on public holidays, for example 11/2 times the regular rate, unless that time worked qualifies for overtime under customary overtime laws. If an employer chooses to grant paid or unpaid leave, it must comply with the terms of its established policy or employment contract. PA Ministry of Labour: Frequently Asked Questions on Wages and Hours of Work During her employment, Ms. Allen repeatedly complained about her work environment. She even filed a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) alleging racial discrimination. If you did not receive at least minimum wage or if your overtime was not paid properly, you should try to claim a wage claim within two years of the date the work was actually done. However, you should make a claim as soon as possible. Because your employer only needs to keep their records for three years, it is more difficult for the Ministry of Labour and Industry to collect your wages over time. However, for those who live in Pennsylvania`s two largest cities, you are entitled to paid sick leave. If you borrowed money from a third party, you can give the employer written permission to deduct payments from your earnings. If your employer has lent you money, they can deduct the amount of your winnings if you have given your written permission.

Of course, normal tax deductions must be made. You must give your employer written permission to make such non-tax deductions. It is not valid to sign a « lump sum » authorization to cover future deductions at the time of rental. In addition, deductions generally cannot lower your gross salary below minimum wage, and deductions must benefit the employee. An employer is not required to pay an employee for the time spent responding to a subpoena to appear before a jury or serving on a jury. During the school year, minors aged 14 and 15 may not work more than three hours on school days, eight hours on other days and 18 hours per school week, within the limits of hours that do not interfere with school attendance. 43 pa. Stat. § 40.3. During summer holidays and other periods when school is not taking place, a minor aged 14 or 15 may not work more than eight hours per day and 40 hours per week.

43 pa. Stat. § 40.3. Minors between the ages of 14 and 15 may not work after 7:00 p.m. or before 7:00 a.m., unless they are allowed to work until 9:00 p.m. during school holidays. 43 pa. Stat. § 40.3(d)(1). Minors aged 11 and over may distribute or sell newspapers and other publications after 5:00 a.m. and before 8:00 p.m.

or until 9:00 p.m. during school holidays. 43 pa. Stat. § 40.3(d)(1). These violations usually occur before cancellation. And sometimes, your cancellation will follow quickly. As the summer months approach, many of us think about taking a few days off to visit the beach or mountains. For employers, this can be a good time to review your company`s vacation policy and make sure your practices align with your policy. You can also request intermittent FMLA leave, which allows you to take leave only when you need it. So you can take 12 weeks of vacation in blocks if necessary. For example, you can take time here and there to get to doctor`s appointments.

Compensatory leave in lieu of overtime pay is not legal. Employers are generally understanding. But of course, sometimes they are not. You can try to disrupt your vacation. Or they take revenge on you. Just because you receive a salary doesn`t mean you don`t qualify for overtime. Some employees are exempt from overtime, such as managerial, administrative and professional employees, as well as supervisors who are used solely for supervision. Your actual day-to-day duties and the content of your employment contract will determine whether you are entitled to overtime. However, you can apply for occupational disability insurance for short-term disability and long-term disability at the same time.

The FMLA ensures that you have time to recover if you get sick. And also the time to deal with a disability. Apart from the late introduction of new minimum wage rates, the Minimum Wage Act does not distinguish between full-time, part-time and agency workers. Some employers that offer benefits to full-time employees may not offer the same benefits to their part-time or temporary employees. If you are not a full-time employee and want to know if you are eligible for benefits, you will need to discuss this with your employer. An employer should have policies in place to determine who is eligible for benefits and who is not. For more information on the delayed implementation of new minimum wage rates for small employers, click here for more details on Pennsylvania`s new minimum wage requirements.

Most central banks, such as the Bank of England, the US Federal Reserve, and the European Central Bank, tend not to change reserve ratios often, as this can lead to liquidity problems. Instead, they use open market operations such as quantitative easing. Note: The Board`s Regulation D (Deposit-taking Institutions Reserve Requirements) requires that reserve requirements be met by holding funds from the Consolidated Revenue Fund and, if cash is insufficient, by maintaining a balance in an account with a Federal Reserve Bank. An institution may hold this balance directly with a reserve bank or other institution as part of an intermediary relationship. Reserve requirements apply to « deposit-taking institutions, » defined as commercial banks, savings and credit associations, credit unions, U.S. branches, and agencies of foreign banks, peripheral entities, and procuring entities. The simple and direct calculation of minimum reserves, as it is directly correlated with the amount of the bank`s deposit commitments. The Fed also sets reserve ratios to ensure banks have money to avoid running out of money on panicked depositors looking to make mass withdrawals. If a bank does not have the funds to meet its reserve, it can borrow funds from the Fed to meet the requirement. Jaromir Benes and Michael Kummof of the IMF`s research department report that the student economics textbook`s « deposit multiplier, » in which monetary aggregates are created at the initiative of the central bank by an initial injection of high-level money into the banking system multiplied by bank loans, reverses the very functioning of the money transfer mechanism.

Benes and Kumhof argue that in most cases where banks request the replenishment of depleted reserves, the central bank is obliged. [3] From this point of view, reserves are therefore not constraints, since the deposit multiplier is, in the words of Kydland and Prescott (1990), a mere myth. According to this theory, private banks almost completely control the process of money creation. [3] The International Banking Act of 1978 required branches of foreign banks operating in the United States to comply with the same reserve requirement ratio standards. [8] [9] International investors need to keep a close eye on reserve ratios, especially in markets that rely on reserve requirements to guide monetary policy. In many cases, shareholders can determine when fluctuations in reserve ratios will occur by examining macroeconomic trends. Increasing the percentage of deposits banks must hold in the form of safe deposit money leads to a reduction in the loans they can make. Although the effectiveness of minimum reserves as a policy tool is highly controversial, there is little doubt that they affect the money market.

Their use is becoming less and less relevant in countries like the United States, where regulators prefer quantitative easing instead. Therefore, the reserve to be maintained by XYZ Bank Ltd can be calculated using the above formula as follows: The reserve requirement ratio is sometimes used as a monetary policy tool and affects the country`s borrowing and interest rates by changing the amount of funds banks can use to lend. [1] Western central banks rarely increase reserve requirements, as this would lead to immediate liquidity problems for banks with low excess reserves. They generally prefer to use open market operations (buying and selling government bonds) to implement their monetary policy. The People`s Bank of China is using changes to reserve requirements as a tool to fight inflation, increasing reserve requirements ten times in 2007 and eleven times since the beginning of 2010. Banks must hold reserves either in the form of cash in their vaults or in the form of deposits with a Federal Reserve bank. On October 1, 2008, the Federal Reserve began paying interest to banks on these reserves. This rate was known as the required reserve ratio (RRIR).

There was also an excess interest rate on reserves (IOER), which is paid on all funds a bank deposits with the Federal Reserve and exceeds its reserve requirements. On July 19, 2021, the IORR and IOER were replaced by a new simplified measure, Interest on Reserves (IORB). From 2022, the IRB rate will be 0.10%. The bank must therefore keep 2 billion euros * 8% = 160 million euros as a minimum reserve. The percentage of deposits that a financial institution must hold in reserve in the form of cash The reserve ratio is the proportion of reservable liabilities that commercial banks must hold rather than lend or invest. This is a requirement set by the country`s central bank, which in the United States is the Federal Reserve. It is also known as the cash reserve ratio. 3.

The amount of the net operating accounts in the low reserve tranche. According to the law, the upper limit of the low reserve tranche is adjusted annually by 80% of the rate of increase or decrease in the net trading accounts of all deposit-taking institutions of the previous year (from June 30 to June 30). Back to table From a banking perspective, it is important to understand the concept of reserve ratios, as it is used to maintain the reserve to avoid a shortage of funds in case a large number of depositors decide to withdraw their deposits, commonly known as bank run. The amount of reserve to be held is determined by the central banks in each region based on their previous experience of requesting liquidity during a bank run.

Individuals may also be placed on a non-circumferential coin as part of a series commemorating a group of famous Australians (for example, a series of plays commemorating Australian Nobel laureates) or when a person is clearly associated with the organisation, event or object commemorated on the coin. Non-circulating coins (also called numismatic or collector coins) are coins intended for coin collectors and the souvenir/gift market and not for the payment of goods or services. These coins are produced in a number of precious and base metals. Suggestions for non-circulating coins are welcome and should be sent to the Royal Australian Mint or the Perth Mint (details below). If a currency decides to pursue a proposed topic, the currency will contact the appropriate bodies to obtain the required copyright approval and comply with any other legal requirements. Take a moment to browse our full selection of rare and out-of-circulation silver. You can place your order easily and securely here on our user-friendly ecommerce site. If you have any questions or need assistance, call our representatives live at 1-877-807-MINT. On Tuesday, he quickly needed money and, without cash, he went with one of his silver coins to a CIBC branch near Kingston and Midland Roads, hoping to exchange it for cash or deposit it in his account. So, who is right, the customer with the legal tender or the banks that have repeatedly rejected it? What is the difference between legal tender and pocket money? Reeves points out that banks have all the procedures by which customers can convert collector coins into cash, but admits that employees are not always aware of them. In this case, he suggests that the store manager call the change so that they can go through the conversion process. The Mints shall submit such matters as they deem appropriate, together with the proposed projects, to the competent Minister under the Currency Act 1965 for approval.

In this context, the Minister approves the face value, issue price, design, shape, dimensions, weight and composition of the proposed parts. The Minister reserves the right to exercise absolute discretion in approving Australian exhibits. Approved designs are submitted to the Federal Register of Legislative Instruments and also deposited in the Federal Parliament. Coins that are not in circulation fall into one of three categories: they have been made available to the public but are not intended for general circulation, they have undergone a special minting process that creates a smooth, satin finish, or they have been classified as « Mint State 60+ » on the Sheldon rating scale, which means that they are close or in the same state as their original strike. Non-circulating coins are legal tender in Australia and can be exchanged for face value at banks and licensed deposit-taking institutions. Note that the legislation does not impose any legal obligation on banks, licensed deposit-taking institutions or currencies to redeem coins. Non-circulating coins are sold at a premium to their face value to cover the cost of materials, the production, distribution and sale of coins and to provide currencies with a profit from their activities. As legal tender, non-circulating coins on the obverse must bear the approved effigy of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. Fictional characters can also be depicted on non-circulating coins. In general, unique pieces that do not circulate do not commemorate the life of a particular person, whether living or dead. In the rare event that the Minister approves a non-circulating coin design depicting the image of a person other than Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, the coin would mark a significant anniversary of that person`s birth or a significant historical event in that person`s life.

Coins do not commemorate the death of a person. He explains that all coins produced by the Mint are legal tender – meaning they can be exchanged for goods or services at face value – but only coins with legal tender in circulation can be easily issued and traded in companies and banks. There are two bodies that have the power to produce coins not put into circulation in Australia: the themes of non-circulation of coins are not limited to the commemoration of events, anniversaries or organisations. They can also cover a range of other topics, such as flora, fauna or marine life, important landmarks or monuments, and important works of art. However, themes must be appropriate to be represented on coins not put into circulation. As such, they should be: Coins in circulation are the coins that the U.S. Mint produces for everyday transactions. Coins in circulation are also included in the United States Mint`s annual coin sets, which are the basic element of coin collection. Non-circulating legal tender refers to items such as Fokine silver coins and designated collectibles.

Reeves says companies can accept money at face value if they wish, but they`re also free to turn it down. A play theme will not be approved by the Minister if it can be considered offensive or if the Australian government can expose it to legal risks or widespread public criticism. As a general rule, the following themes cannot be represented or memorized on Australian coins in free circulation: The US dollar is still a strong currency today and one of the major currencies used in most international transactions. U.S. currency is also popular with collectors who determine the value of a coin based on its condition, rarity, demand, and circulation. While many numismatists focus on collecting coins that have been in circulation, others are looking for rarer, out-of-circulation coins to add to their collection. The penny, nickel, penny and quarter are the coins in circulation that we use today. To learn more about the history of these coins, read The History of American Circulation Coins. If you`re one of the many collectors who like to find rare, out-of-circulation money, you`ve come to the right place. American Mint offers a selection of non-circulating U.S. currencies to add unique value to your home collection today. Our inventory includes a variety of beautiful silver and gold coins such as: When he tried a nearby branch of the Royal Bank and bank of Montreal and heard the same answer, he was suffocated.

He had legally purchased the coin and received assurances that it was legal tender, so he couldn`t understand why banks wouldn`t recognize his coin as real money. A big headache for a Scarborough man who learned the hard way that banks are not required to honour collector coins at face value, even if they come from the Royal Canadian Mint. Tel: (08) 9421 7222Fax: (08) 9225 5012Website: www.perthmint.com.au Currencies receive many thematic proposals from a number of people and organisations every year. The time between when a currency receives a proposed theme and an uncirculated coin that is produced is up to eighteen months. This should be taken into account when formulating proposals. But on Tuesday, Fokine was not aware of these paths or that the Mint could have intervened. Apart from the options, he called a friend and borrowed money. When he approached the manager, he was again told that he could not exchange the coin for money. But the cashier told him he couldn`t do one or the other and reject Fokine`s silver coin. Guidelines for determining themes for non-circulation coins Managing DirectorPerth Mint310 Hay StreetEAST PERTH WA 6004AUSTRALIA « There is nothing that forces a bank or company to accept (the coin), » says Reeves. « If someone offered me a golden maple leaf for a face value of $50, I`d be crazy not to take it, but it`s still a coin that`s not meant for circulation. » « It`s the most ridiculous explanation I`ve ever heard in my life, » Fokine says.