For abbreviations of legal journal titles, see also the list of legal journals indexed by the Encyclopedia of Law (which may contain several articles related to pension repatriation decisions) (choose the letter with which the title of the legal journal begins). See Index of legal abbreviations used in Australia Translation: Your private diaries may contain evidence in the case, and opposing parties have the legal right to copy and review it when submitting a request for submission of documents. Today`s #LEGAL term is: #Discovery Have you heard this term on a TV show? t.co/oklfYHj5th . #lawyer#TheMoreYouKnowpic.twitter.com/9S5RpcHrca The definition of « discovery » in law is the exchange of legal information and facts known to a case. Think of discovery as obtaining and disclosing the evidence and position of each party to a case so that all parties involved can decide what their best options are – going to court or negotiating an early resolution. RESPONSE: When a complaint is submitted to a defendant in litigation, the « response » is the written response that relates to each allegation and admits or denies the errors. Parties to a case must participate in the investigation process, which means that they must hand over information and evidence about a claim so that all parties involved can know what awaits them in the trial. WRITTEN DISCOVERY Under the umbrella of « written discovery, » we find, « We are in discovery right now, I hope we get what we need with this statement. » RPBA – CPPR – CPSR – CVPP – RPCX – RPDA – DPRD – RPDE – LDPR – PDP Translation: The investigative process is ongoing and we try to get all the evidence we need when we sit in person and question the defendant under oath. For these reasons, it is very rare during a trial for a lawyer to present surprising evidence, as many television characters seem to do with regularity. There is no answer to this question like « MISCELLANEOUS, SPORTS, GOVERNMENT » all categories for anything that does not fit into another category. It can represent anything from « leftover » items to hard-to-classify items.

Testing can be time-consuming, wasteful of energy and money. Discovery encourages the parties to choose a settlement and end the dispute before trial or before the end of the process. Like showing your cards to your opponent in a poker game, discovery reveals the strengths and weaknesses of each game`s hands. Now that they know the evidence, either party can continue the process or fold their hands depending on what has been revealed. DISCOVERABLE: This is potential evidence – notes, diaries, photos, videos, etc. – these « findable » elements must be made available to the opposing parties in the dispute. « They have to pass this log during the discovery if they emit RPD. » A testimony is an opportunity for a lawyer to ask for whatever is necessary to gather, clarify and « discover » evidence and facts. Knowing the facts, the parties can then decide what to do with the claim.

The Rubinstein trap is named after another chess giant, Akiba Rubinstein. This subtle trap gains at least one pawn, but can also catch the Black Lady when Black is greedy. Oof. You have certainly checked this partner. We will keep you informed by other means of the legal events of this chess game. One of the drawbacks of the King`s Gambit is that Black has many options to play against it. Any player who knows the theory can get good positions with Black by « defuse » the gambit, whether they decide to accept it or reject it. Norwegian world chess champion Magnus Carlsen has confirmed that he recently withdrew from a tournament and withdrew during a match against Hans Niemann because he thought the 19-year-old American had cheated on him. t.co/jjgWt7M4kO White starts playing 1.e4 (move the king pawn by two squares). It is the most popular opening movement and has many strengths – it immediately works on controlling the center, freeing two figures (the queen and a bishop). The oldest chess openings follow 1.e4. Bobby Fischer rated 1.e4 as « Best per Test ».

On the other hand, 1.e4 places a pawn on an undefended field and weakens d4 and f4. If black reflects the movement of white and responds with 1…e5, the result is an open game. The King`s Gambit Rejected: The classic variation occurs after 1.e4 e5 2.f4 Bc5, with Black developing the dark square bishop into a dangerous diagonal. With this line, Black refuses to play the crazy games that would take place after accepting the Gambit. The bishop on c5 does a good job of preventing the white king from castrating the king`s side and keeping the kings exposed. If you want to respond to White`s aggressive opening with an escalation of aggressiveness, you can opt for the Falkberry counter-gambit. As mentioned above, it occurs after 1.e4 e5 2.f4 d5. Black`s idea is to open the center and explore the weakness White created around his king after the f2-f4 push. A simple descriptive categorization of chess openings is King`s Pawn Openings, Queen`s Pawn Openings and others.

Since these categories are still very large individually, it is customary to further subdivide each of them. A reasonable way to group openings is: What are some of your favorite chess tricks and traps? Please leave them in the comments below for everyone to enjoy! You can use our brand new GIF maker to share the games! Openings, which are classified as closed games, start with 1.d4 d5. The 1.d4 move offers the same advantages for development and central control as 1.e4, but unlike king pawn openings where the e4 pawn is not defended after the first move, the d4 pawn is protected by the white lady. This small difference has a huge effect on openness. For example, while the King`s Gambit is rarely played at the highest levels of chess today, the Queen`s Gambit remains a popular weapon at all levels of the game. Compared to the king`s pawn openings, transpositions between variations in closed parts are more frequent and critical. The Halloween Gambit is a non-solid gambit for white, created after 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Nxe5. White`s goal behind this dubious move is to take the initiative in the middle of the board and push Schwarz`s knight with the pawns. After accepting the gambit, White is able to develop the square bishop of light in front of the knight. For this line, the Cozio variant works well. After 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Bc4 Qh4+ 4.Kf1 d6 White can no longer close.

From this position, Whites win 28% of matches, draws 21% and Blacks 52%. If White accepts Gambit, the game continues 4.cxb5 a6 5.bxa6 Wxa6. The main line of the accepted Benko Gambit leads to positions similar to these: A gambit occurs in chess when a player abandons material during the opening to demand some sort of compensation. Most gambits require the sacrifice of one or more pawns, while some of them involve sacrificing more valuable coins. The second most popular move for White is 2.Sf3, which attacks the King of Black pawn, prepares for a King`s castle, and anticipates the Queen`s Pawn`s Pawn`s advance on d4. Black`s most common answer is 2…Nc6, which usually leads to Ruy Lopez (3.Bb5), Scotch Game (3.d4) or Italian Game (3.Bc4). If Black instead maintains symmetry and counteracts White`s center with 2…Sf6, then Petrov`s defense results. Philidor`s defense (2…d6) is not popular in modern chess, as it allows white a slight advantage of space, while the black position remains tight and passive, although it is solid. Other responses to 2.Sf3 are not visible in the main game. « I believe that cheating at chess is a big problem and an existential threat to the game, » he continued. « I also believe that chess organizers and anyone who cares about the sanctity of the game we love should seriously consider increasing security measures and cheat detection methods for board chess. » The Falkberry Counter-Gambit is the most popular way to reject the King`s Gambit. The game enters this line after 1.e4 e5 2.f4 d5.

Black immediately struck the middle instead of taking the pawns from the Whites` wings. The Benko Gambit is often played by strong players and is very popular at lower levels. Black plays to open the lines on the Queen`s side, where White will be under considerable pressure. If White accepts the move, Schwarz`s compensation is positional rather than tactical, and his initiative can last even after many coin changes and until the end of the game. Instead, White often chooses to reject the Gambit pawn or flip it. Since about the 1950s, another target has gradually become more dominant. According to MI Jeremy Silman, the purpose of the opening is to create dynamic imbalances between the two parties that determine the character of the midfield and the strategic plans chosen by both parties. [12] For example, in the main line of the Winawer variant of the French Defense (1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.e5 c5 5.a3 Bxc3+ 6.bxc3), White will attempt to use its pair of bishops and spatial advantage to lead an attack on the royal side of Black, while Black will attempt to simplify the exchange (in particular: B. eliminate one of the bishops of the Whites, to mitigate this advantage) and counterattack against the weakened pawns on the side of the Queen of Whites; Both players accept different combinations of advantages and disadvantages. This idea was a doctrine of the Soviet chess school.

This variant became famous after Fischer published an article entitled « A Bust to the King`s Gambit ». If you want to accept the gambit and White decides to develop the g1 jumper, this is a great way to get a good position. The variant goes 1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Sf3 d6, and Black usually plays the g7-g5 push to hold the f4 pawn or create pressure on the kignside. With 381 games in our database, White wins 35%, draws 15% and Black 50%. Hans Niemann, the 19-year-old American grandmaster accused of cheating last month by world chess champion Magnus Carlsen after a shocking uproar, has been deceived more than 100 times, according to an investigation by Chess.com, the world`s largest online chess platform.

At this point, it is important to note that a towed wagon is considered a trailer as far as the legal provisions are concerned. `The current European legislation on type-approval of trailers, 71/320/EEC, is to be repealed in 2014 and replaced by UNECE Regulation No 13. Part of this Regulation (clause 5.2.2.2.) provides that inertial braking systems are permitted only on centre-axle trailers. This may mean that it will no longer be possible to use inertial braking systems on A-frames. » Our Towcar A frames and braking systems comply with all applicable UK and European laws. We have gone to great lengths to ensure that the investment you make in your tow truck is safe and legal. There are a lot of rumors and conflicting personal views about the rules for towing an A-frame, so this page will give you all the information you need to understand the true legal situation. As long as the A frame and the car together do not exceed 3,500 kg, you can legally pull as long as the brakes are working – there are several ways to achieve this – some A-frame systems can electrically actuate the car`s braking system when you press the brakes of the towing vehicle. A broken car is not subject to the same rules – it is good to know that there are regulations for towing cars that may have a compliance problem. Since 1 October 1988, inertial braking systems have been required to enable a trailer to be overturned from the towing vehicle without sustained braking resistance. Devices used to meet this requirement must turn on and off automatically. This applies to A-frames that use inertial overflow technology. For people who are considering towing a car behind an RV, it is important to research and understand the different towing systems and towing methods available today and choose one that offers efficient, safe and secure towing and that complies with current and upcoming law.

We think UNIBRAKE is that system! I called the police a few weeks ago about this. I helped a friend clean his premises, including the removal of four vehicles by scrap. They never mentioned the need to brake (I might have forgotten that, I guess), but what they said was that if you`re towing on a rope and obviously need a driver on board to brake/steer, the towed vehicle needs to be insured. If you are using an « A » frame, the car does not need to be insured or anything else because it is attached to a legal vehicle. In the end, all of them were collected, but one of them was removed with a simple « A » frame pulled from a flat bed carrying another car. The exceptions for towing broken vehicles on trolleys are different. RV drivers often take another mode of transportation with them when they reach their destination, as a bulky RV is not the most convenient vehicle for guided tours or visiting local shops. Bikes and mopeds are popular options, but it`s becoming more and more common to see an RV pulling a small car. Changes to the classes of driving licences issued upon passing the exam mean that the classes of vehicles you are allowed to drive if you passed before 1997 should comfortably cover a motorhome towing a small car. However, if you`ve passed later, you`re probably limited to a maximum total weight of 3,500 kg for the vehicle and trailer, which excludes many combinations of motorhome, A-frame, and car. You may need to take more lessons and another test before you can drag a car behind you.

While towing a car with an A-frame (with functional brakes and lights) is generally considered legal in the UK, the situation is less clear in European countries. In some countries, A-frames have always been intended solely for the recovery of the vehicles concerned, and the use for recreational towing falls into a grey area. For this reason, it is necessary to make sure that you respect the law in every country you visit, and often the only way to be sure is to leave the A-frame at home and tow your vehicle on a small trailer. The summary of these requirements, for legal towing with an A frame, boils down to the following important points: If your A frame system complies with current trailer legislation, you are legal in the UK. The weight of the car that you can pull with an A frame is the same as your permission to pull a trailer, but includes the combined weight of the car and the A frame itself. In January 1997, the towing rules for new drivers changed significantly and became much more restrictive, introducing special qualifications for those who wanted to drive heavier vehicles and pull heavier loads. Just like towing a trailer, the towing vehicle must also be able to power the car connected by an A-frame for its street lights to function properly, including its screens and side lights when it`s dark. Although the towed car has its own registration plate, this must be covered by the registration plate of the towing vehicle if it is attached to box A.

The information provided on this website is from December 2020 to the best of our knowledge and belief. The information is provided to help clients answer their questions and should not be used for legal representation. We recommend that anyone who needs accurate and up-to-date legal information contact the relevant governing bodies directly. I know I need to attach a light panel to the back of the towed vehicle to make sure there are visible signals, but is this still a legal method of towing? My commercial insurance says I can tow fully insured as long as I don`t do it for a reward/money, which I wouldn`t be. My car is capable of towing 1.4 tons legally and the hitch much more. Although some microcars have an unladen weight of less than 750 kg, none of them is less than the gross of 750 kg, so all A frames MUST brake all wheels of the car to be towed. You will also need to check if your insurance policy covers towing with an A-frame. Even if this is the case, using frame A incorrectly can invalidate a claim, so make sure everything is in place and working before you leave.

For trailers weighing less than 750 kg, it is not mandatory to have brakes. However, the law states that if brakes are installed, they must work, making it a requirement when using your car as a trailer. Some A-frames are configured so that the vehicle`s brakes are activated when the RV`s brakes are applied. You also need to make sure that the car`s lights are working properly when attached to frame A. This is important because it ensures that drivers of the vehicles behind you can see the brake lights and turn signals in operation. The registration plates or commercial registration plates of the vehicle must be covered with a registration plate indicating the registration of the vehicle towing it. Although type-approval does not apply to A chassis, this does not mean that A-chassis tow trucks are not safe or legal or that they are exempt from European legislation. We asked the VCA about obtaining European type approval for A-frames and received the following answer: « It is not possible to approve a type approval frame to tow a car behind another vehicle.

Only the categories of vehicles listed in 2007-46 can be registered (cars, buses, trucks and trailers). This is for the UK – most of Europe is the same, but Spain doesn`t allow A frameworks at all. Until recently, the regulations for towing with a motorhome were rather relaxed and subject to different interpretations. In some European countries, namely Spain and Portugal, they have exercised stricter controls, but in others, such as France and the United Kingdom, attitudes have been more tolerant. 2. It shall be possible for the trailer to be driven backwards from the towing vehicle, i.e.dem motorhome, without creating resistance. In addition, these devices used for a specific purpose must be automatically turned on and off. Our Towmaster A-Frames should NOT be confused with `Towing Dollies` or `Recovery A-Frames`. These are known as towing equipment and are only used for collapse and recovery use.

Under the Road Traffic Act 1984, these devices are limited to 20 mph on A-roads and 40 mph on highways, so they are not suitable for regular removal or towing. An A frame is a frame (in the form of an A) that is used at the front of a vehicle (e.g., a car) to provide a fastener that allows the vehicle to be towed behind another vehicle (e.g., a motorhome). The Ministry`s views on the legal situation in Great Britain (United Kingdom) are set out below. Towing with an A frame falls under the legislation that covers towing a trailer – it`s a very similar process, after all, once the car is loaded onto the A frame and connected. The regulations stipulate that a trailer weighing up to 750 kg does not need brakes, although they must be functional when installing brakes, even if it weighs less than this number. It is unlikely that a car with an A-frame weighs less than 750 kg, so the brakes should always be in order when towing in this way. Heavy or bulky vehicles, all-wheel drive models and newer cars with highly sophisticated electronics are considered less suitable for towing A-frames if they reduce the possible size of the towing vehicle or can be damaged by prolonged towing. www.wildcamping.co.uk/forums/motorhome-knowledge-base/7508-frame-towing-definitive-answer.html Claims C1 and C1E allow the driving of a vehicle weighing up to 7,500 kg and the towing of a trailer if the total weight of the towing vehicle and trailer does not exceed 8,250 kg. The trailer must also weigh less than the towing vehicle. C1E eligibility should allow you to easily drive an RV and pull a small to medium-sized vehicle onto an A frame. Since October 2012, all trailers used for the first time on UK roads must be homologated.

Cars on an A-frame are classified as trailers. No frame/car combination « A » is homologated, so ALL are illegal! Easy. C&U Rule 18 requires that the braking system be kept in good condition and effective.

With the exception of the standard contract, these guidelines are not legally binding. They include a built-in verification mechanism that can be modified if necessary. The term « legal tools » refers to the online legal information services developed since 2006 by the ICC`s Legal Tools Project, mainly with the support of the European Union. [1] The main services are the Legal Tools Database (« LTD »), [2], the Legal Tools Website[3] and the Case Matrix. [4] The anthology Active Complementarity: Legal Information Transfer provides comprehensive information on the ICC`s draft legal tools and its open access value base. [5] Today, March 9, 2021, the International Criminal Court (ICC) created the ICC case law database. The database provides free and easy access to the Court`s case-law concerning, inter alia, major international offences and international criminal procedure, the rights of the accused and the rights of victims. The database is available at: legal-tools.org/cld The essential texts are the seven documents which, together, form the basis of the Court`s legal framework: the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (Statute), the Rules of Procedure and Evidence, the constituent elements, the Rules of Court, the Statute of the Registry, the Rules of the Office of the Prosecutor and the Code of Ethics of Legal Counsel. The most important and first to be adopted and entered into force was the Staff Regulations, according to which the remaining six texts entered into force at different points in the Court`s history. All of them can be modified according to their own modification procedure. The Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice shall lay down the framework necessary for the day-to-day functioning of the Court of Justice. Subject to the Staff Regulations and the Rules of Procedure, they regulate certain aspects of the composition and administration of the Tribunal, proceedings before the Court, legal assistance and reparation, participation and reparation of victims, matters of detention, cooperation and enforcement, compulsory retirement and disciplinary measures. This agreement between States parties implements articles 4 and 48 of the Rome Statute, which relate to the legal personality of the Court and its privileges and immunities in the territory of States parties.

The Agreement provides that the premises, archives, documents and communications of the Court are inviolable; that its property, funds and assets are protected from legal proceedings and exempt from taxes and duties. The Convention also establishes immunities for various categories of staff cooperating with or assisting the Court, such as representatives to the Assembly of States Parties, judges, lawyers, witnesses and victims. It is intended to serve as a comprehensive virtual library on international criminal law and international criminal justice. The tools include the largest online collection of relevant documents and legal summaries available through the Case Matrix app. It contains some 13 collections of legal documents and four legal research and reference tools developed by lawyers associated with the Court and external partners: the Case Map, the Evidence Matrix, the Proceedings Collection and the Evidence Collection. The Case Matrix is another service of the ICC`s Legal Tools Project. It is software that provides a matrix of legal requirements for international crimes and modes of liability on the one hand and potential evidence or evidence on the other. It contains two reference works of quotations from international jurisprudence, which have been implemented at the level of the elements of crime. [12] Abstracts are also available in Lexsitus. [13] There are online versions in English[14], Arabic[15] and Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian. [16] The Centre for International Law and Research (CILRAP)[17] has hosted the Case Matrix since 2012. The creators of Case Matrix, Morten Bergsmo and Ralph Hecksteden,[18] won the Dieter Meurer Prize for Legal Informatics in 2008 for their innovative qualities.

[19] The case matrix motivated and informed the development of software such as I-DOC. [20] The Case Matrix application also inspired the name of the Case Matrix Network, the department of the Centre for International Law Research and Policy responsible for knowledge transfer and capacity development. [21] The Legal Tools Database is the main online resource for finding legal sources in international criminal law. It offers free online access to most legal documents that may be relevant to cases involving key international crimes. It has several thousand users around the world and has seen over 5 million annual visits in recent years. The database is a victory for the ideas of open and free access to legal information and legal information as public goods. The coordinator of the Legal Tools Project – Morten Bergsmo – is the founder of the CMN, and many CMN consultants and fellows have worked with him to develop the database and make it a useful public good. You can freely access the database at the following address: The Legal Tools Database is an online database on international criminal law.

It provides legal practitioners, researchers, students and the public with free access to all relevant sources of international criminal law, including information on the most important international crimes (genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and the crime of aggression). As a computer-aided legal research tool, the LTD provides access to all relevant case law, legal provisions (statutes and contracts), preparatory work and relevant scientific literature. [6] All resources are stored under persistent URLs (called URLs). PURL). [7] As a result, courts, publishers (e.g. Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher) and other online services (e.g. Lexsitus[8] and the CMN Knowledge Hub)[9] link to LTD SOPs. In its most important public decisions, the International Criminal Court binds the LTD. For example, the Trial Chamber`s judgement in the Germain Katanga case contained 538 hyperlinks. [10] LTD recorded more than 6 million visits in 2018.

As of May 1, 2019, it contained approximately 145,000 documents. [11] In the ICC jurisprudence database, users can search for ICC jurisprudence based on a variety of criteria, including a full-text search and a keyword search. The ICC`s jurisprudence database currently contains more than 6,000 legal findings from judgments, decisions, and orders issued by the court since 2004. The content of the database will continue to grow as new judgments and decisions are rendered and other existing case law is incorporated. The ICC case law database is currently available in English. A French-language version of the ICC jurisprudence database is being developed. further details on the French language version, including a timeline for its release, will be announced by April 9, 2021. The Legal Tools Project aims to provide users with the legal information, summaries and software needed to work effectively with international criminal law.

The Statute of the Registry, subject to the Statute, the Rules of Procedure and the Regulations under the Court, governs the functioning of the Registry by regulating its organization and administration. They determine how the Registry will carry out its administrative tasks in proceedings before the Court and how it will discharge its responsibilities with respect to legal representation and assistance, victims and witnesses, and detention. Under article 15bis, paragraph 4, of the Rome Statute, a State party may declare that it does not recognize the jurisdiction of the ICC with respect to the crime of aggression by submitting a declaration to the ICC Registrar. The Staff Rules of the International Criminal Court implement the Staff Regulations and apply to all general temporary assistance and, unless otherwise decided, to the staff of the Secretariat of the Assembly of States Parties. They contain more detailed provisions on the matters dealt with in the regulations. The Financial Regulations and Regulations were adopted by the Assembly of States Parties in accordance with article 113 of the Rome Statute and set out the rules and regulations governing the financial administration of the Court. The rules cover matters such as the preparation of a draft budget for approval by the Assembly of States Parties, the allocation of resources, the provision and management of funds and other income, the internal financial control of the Court, accounting methods and the audit of the Court. The rules of procedure explain them in more detail by setting out in detail how the regulations are to be implemented. An annex to the rules of procedure sets out the terms of reference of the External Auditor who will be entrusted by the Assembly of States Parties with the audit of the Court. The ICC applies the following guidelines when interacting with intermediaries, in particular entities and individuals supporting the court`s activities, in particular local actors on the ground who contribute, among other things, to the safety of victims and witnesses. As of May 1, 2019, the Legal Tools database contained more than 145,000 documents.

[29] The documents are accessible in a tree structure where they are organized into nine main collections. [30] Each collection has several sub-collections, and responsibility for updating collections is assigned to MCN partners or fellows based on a detailed table of responsibilities. [31] The nine most important document collections in the Legal Tools Database are: This agreement was concluded in accordance with article 2 of the Rome Statute in order to ensure mutually beneficial relations between the two organizations. This is done through recognition of and respect for mutual mandates, mutual representation, exchange of information and cooperation among organizations in the areas of personnel, administration, facilities and services, including access to United Nations premises.